Publications:

Veksler, V. D., Gray, W. D., & Schoelles, M. S. (submitted). Goal-Proximity Decision Making. Cognitive Science.
Schoelles, M. & Gray, W. (2012). SimPilot: An exploration of modeling a highly interactive task with delayed feedback in a multitasking environment. In N. Rußwinkel, U. Drewitz & H. van Rijn (eds.), Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Cognitive Modeling, Berlin: Universitaetsverlag der TU Berlin.
Janssen, C.P. & Gray, W.D. (2012) When, What, and How Much to Reward in Reinforcement Learning based Models of Cognition. Accepted for Cognitive Science, 36(2), 333-358.
Brudzinski, M., Sims, C., Gray, W., & Schoelles, M. (2010). Visual Similarity is ObViS. Poster presented at the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Portland, OR.
Veksler, V. D., Gray, W. D., & Schoelles, M. J. (2009). Goal-Proximity Decision Making: Who needs reward anyway? In Proceedings of the 31st Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society.
Janssen, C.P., Gray, W.D., & Schoelles, M.J. (2008). How a Modeler's Conception of Rewards Influences a Model's Behavior: Investigating ACT-R 6's Utility Learning Mechanism. In Proceedings of the 15th Annual ACT-R Workshop (p. 42), Pittsburgh, PA.
Altmann, E. M., & Gray, W. D. (2008). An integrated model of cognitive control in task switching. Psychological Review, 115, 602-639.
Veksler, B. Z., Gray, W. D., & Schoelles, M. J. (2007). From 1000ms to 650 ms: Why interleaving, soft constraints, and milliseconds matter. In proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Cognitive Modeling. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Gray, W. D., Sims, C. R., Fu, W.-T., & Schoelles, M. J. (2006). The soft constraints hypothesis: A rational analysis approach to resource allocation for interactive behavior. Psychological Review, 113(3), 461-482.
Schoelles, M. J., Neth, H., Myers, C. W., & Gray, W. D. (2006). Steps towards integrated models of cognitive systems: A levels-of-analysis approach to comparing human performance to model predictions in a complex task environment. In proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 756-761 ) . Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Fu, W.-T., & Gray, W. D. (2006). Suboptimal tradeoffs in information seeking. Cognitive Psychology, 52(3), 195-242.
Gray, W. D., Schoelles, M. J., & Sims, C. R. (2005). Adapting to the task environment: Explorations in expected value. Cognitive Systems Research, 6, 27-40.
Gray, W. D., Schoelles, M. J., & Sims, C. R. (2004). Learning to choose the most effective strategy: Explorations in expected value. In Proceedings of the sixth International Conference on Cognitive Modeling (pp. 112-117). Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Mellon University/University of Pittsburgh.
Fu, W.-T. & Gray, W. D. (2004). Resolving the paradox of the active user: Stable suboptimal performance in interactive tasks. Cognitive Science, 28(6), 901-935.
Veksler, V. D. & Gray, W. D. (2004). State definition in the Tetris task: designing a hybrid model of cognition. In Proceedings of the sixth International Conference on Cognitive Modeling (pp. 394-395). Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Mellon University/University of Pittsburgh.
Sims, C. R. & Gray, W. D. (2004). Episodic versus Semantic memory: An exploration of models of memory decay in the serial attention paradigm. In Proceedings of the sixth International Conference on Cognitive Modeling (pp. 279-284). Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Mellon University/University of Pittsburgh.
Gray, W. D. & M. J. Schoelles (2003). The Nature and Timing of Interruptions in a Complex Cognitive Task: Empirical Data and Computational Cognitive Models. In Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. pg 37.
Schoelles, M. J. & Gravy, W. D. (2003). Top-down versus bottom-up control of cognition in a task switching paradigm. In F. Detje, D. Doerner, & H. Schaub (Eds.), In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Cognitive Modeling (pp. 295-296). Bamberg, Germany: Universitats-Verlag Bamberg.
Altmann, E. M. & Gray, W. D. (2002). Forgetting to remember: The functional relationship of decay and interference. Psychological Science, 13(1), 27-33.
Fu, W-T., & Gray, W. D. (2001). Modeling cognitive versus perceptual-motor tradeoffs using ACT-R/PM. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Cognitive Modeling, pp. 247-248. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Schoelles, M. J. & Gray, W. D. (2001). Argus: A suite of tools for research in complex cognition. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 33(2), 130-140.
Gray, W. D., Schoelles, M. J., & Fu, W-T. (2000). Modeling a continuous dynamic task. In N. Taatgen, & J. Aasman (Eds.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Cognitive Modeling (pp. 158-168). Veenendal, The Netherlands: Universal Press.
Schoelles, M. J., & Gray, W. D. (2000). Argus Prime: Modeling emergent microstrategies in a complex simulated task environment. In N. Taatgen, & J. Aasman (Eds.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Cognitive Modeling (pp. 260-270). Veenendal, NL: Universal Press.
Altmann, E. M. & Gray, W. D. (2000). An integrated model of set shifting and maintenance. In N. Taatgen & J. Aasman (Eds.), In Proceedings of the third international conference on cognitive modeling (pp. 17-24). Veenendaal, The Netherlands: Universal Press. (unipress@worldonlin.nl).
Ehret, B. D., Gray, W. D., & Kirschenbaum, S. S. (2000). Contending with complexity: Developing and using a scaled world in applied cognitive research. Human Factors, 42(1), 8-23.
Gray, W. D. (2000). The nature and processing of errors in interactive behavior. Cognitive Science, 24, (2), 205-248.
Altmann, E. M. & Gray, W. D. (1999). Serial attention as strategic memory. In Proceedings of the twenty-first annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 25-30). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Altmann, E. M. & Gray, W. D. (1998). Pervasive episodic memory: Evidence from a control-of-attention paradigm. In M. A. Gernsbacher & S. J. Derry (Eds.), Proceedings of the twentieth annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 42-47). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Gray, W. D. & Anderson, J. R. (1987). Change-episodes in coding: When and how do programmers change their code? In Proceedings of the Second Conference on the Experimental Study of Programming. NJ: Able, 185-197.

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Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University