[1] We wish to thank Susan Chipman, Albert Corbett, Ken Koedinger, Rich Lehrer, Marsha Lovett, Melvin Reder, and Steve Ritter for their comments on this paper. This is not to imply, however, that any of these individuals agree with all of the assertions in the paper. Preparation of this paper was supported by grant MDR-92-53161 from the NSF Directorate for Education and Human Resources.

[2] Indeed, much of the research and theory in information-processing psychology concerns subjects' misrepresentation of reality.

* deceased