Jacoby's process dissociation methodology has attracted a great deal of interest. It is a methodology for estimating the contribution of implicit and explicit memory to performance in a task. Subjects studied a list of words. For half of these words they made semantic (pleasantness) judgments and for the other half they made nonsemantic (vowel) judgments. Then they were later given word stems and asked to complete the words. In the indirect condition they were asked to complete with the first word that came to mind. In the inclusion condition they were asked to complete the word with a word they studied if they could (but they were to try to complete the word with some word). In the exclusion condition they were told to complete the word with a word they had not studied. All words had multiple completions, only one of which was the target word that they might study.